CapitalMonaco
Population32,047
Area2 km²
GDP per capita$270,100
LanguagesFrench , English, Italian, Monegasque
Currencyeuros
Life Expectancy89.8 yr
Governmentconstitutional monarchy
Introduction
Background
In 1215, the Genoese established a fortress at the location that is now Monaco. The GRIMALDI family, which is the current ruling dynasty, initially took control in 1297, although they did not manage to solidify their authority until 1419. The late 19th century saw significant economic growth with the connection of a railway to France and the inauguration of a casino. As a result, Monaco has become renowned globally as a prime destination for tourism and leisure activities, thanks to its temperate climate, picturesque Mediterranean coastline, and gaming establishments.
Geography
Area
land
2 sq km
water
0 sq km
total
2 sq km
Climate
Characterized by a Mediterranean climate featuring mild, moist winters and hot, arid summers
Terrain
marked by hills, rugged terrain, and rocky landscapes
Land use
other
100% (2022 est.)
forest
0% (2022 est.)
agricultural land
0% (2022 est.)
agricultural land: arable land
arable land: 0% (2018 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops
permanent crops: 1% (2018 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture
permanent pasture: 0% (2018 est.)
Location
Situated in Western Europe, adjacent to the Mediterranean Sea along the southern coast of France, close to the Italian border
Coastline
4.1 km
Elevation
lowest point
Mediterranean Sea 0 m
highest point
Chemin des Revoires on Mont Agel 162 m
Irrigated land
0 sq km (2022)
Map references
Europe
Land boundaries
total
6 km
border countries
France 6 km
Maritime claims
territorial sea
12 nm
exclusive economic zone
12 nm
Natural hazards
none
Geography - note
the world's second-smallest sovereign state (following the Holy See); the smallest nation with a coastline; predominantly urban in character
Natural resources
none
Area - comparative
approximately three times larger than the National Mall in Washington, D.C.
Geographic coordinates
43 44 N, 7 24 E
Population distribution
the second most densely populated nation globally (trailing Macau); its entire populace resides on an area of 2 square kilometers (0.8 square miles)
People & Society
Languages
Languages
French (official), English, Italian, Monegasque
major-language sample(s)
The World Factbook, une source indispensable d'informations de base. (French)
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
Religions
Roman Catholic 90% (official), other 10%
Sex ratio
at birth
1.04 male(s)/female
0-14 years
1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years
1.02 male(s)/female
total population
0.93 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
65 years and over
0.8 male(s)/female
Birth rate
6.46 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Death rate
11.36 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Median age
male
55 years
total
57.5 years (2025 est.)
female
58.4 years
Population
male
15,467
total
32,047 (2025 est.)
female
16,580
Nationality
noun
Monegasque(s) or Monacan(s)
adjective
Monegasque or Monacan
Urbanization
urban population
100% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization
0.5% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Age structure
0-14 years
9.1% (male 1,485/female 1,408)
15-64 years
53.8% (male 8,620/female 8,490)
65 years and over
37.1% (2024 est.) (male 5,261/female 6,549)
Ethnic groups
Monegasque 32.1%, French 19.9%, Italian 15.3%, British 5%, Belgian 2.3%, Swiss 2%, German 1.9%, Russian 1.8%, American 1.1%, Dutch 1.1%, Moroccan 1%, other 16.6% (2016 est.)
Dependency ratios
total dependency ratio
88.7 (2025 est.)
youth dependency ratio
16.6 (2025 est.)
potential support ratio
1.4 (2025 est.)
elderly dependency ratio
72.1 (2025 est.)
Physician density
8.61 physicians/1,000 population (2020)
Health expenditure
Health expenditure (as % of GDP)
3.7% of GDP (2021)
Health expenditure (as % of national budget)
12% of national budget (2022 est.)
Net migration rate
12.48 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Total fertility rate
1.55 children born/woman (2025 est.)
Drinking water source
improved: total
total: 100% of population (2022 est.)
improved: urban
urban: 100% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total
total: 0% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban
urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)
Education expenditure
Education expenditure (% GDP)
1.7% of GDP (2023 est.)
Education expenditure (% national budget)
7.7% national budget (2023 est.)
Infant mortality rate
male
2 deaths/1,000 live births
total
1.7 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)
female
1.4 deaths/1,000 live births
Population growth rate
0.76% (2025 est.)
Gross reproduction rate
0.76 (2025 est.)
Population distribution
the world's second most densely populated nation (following Macau); its total population resides on an area of 2 sq km (0.8 sq mi)
Life expectancy at birth
male
86 years
female
93.7 years
total population
89.8 years (2024 est.)
Maternal mortality ratio
5 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)
Sanitation facility access
improved: total
total: 100% of population (2022 est.)
improved: urban
urban: 100% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total
total: 0% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban
urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)
Major urban areas - population
39,000 MONACO (capital) (2018)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)
male
20 years (2024 est.)
total
21 years (2024 est.)
female
22 years (2024 est.)
Environment
Climate
Mediterranean climate characterized by mild, moist winters and hot, arid summers
Land use
other
100% (2022 est.)
forest
0% (2022 est.)
agricultural land
0% (2022 est.)
agricultural land: arable land
arable land: 0% (2018 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops
permanent crops: 1% (2018 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture
permanent pasture: 0% (2018 est.)
Urbanization
urban population
100% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization
0.5% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Waste and recycling
municipal solid waste generated annually
46,000 tons (2024 est.)
percent of municipal solid waste recycled
5.4% (2012 est.)
Total water withdrawal
municipal
10 million cubic meters (2020 est.)
industrial
0 cubic meters (2017 est.)
agricultural
0 cubic meters (2017 est.)
Particulate matter emissions
9.2 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
International environmental agreements
party to
Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified
none of the selected agreements
Government
Flag
description: consists of two equal horizontal bands, red on the top and white below
history: reflects the colors of the Grimaldi ruling House; these colors have been in use since 1339, ranking it among the oldest national flags globally
Capital
name
Monaco
etymology
established as a Greek colony in the 6th century B.C., the etymology of the name remains uncertain; it may originate from the Greek word monoikos (solitary), the Ligurian term monegu (rock), or the Basque expression muno (mountain)
time difference
UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
daylight saving time
+1hr, begins on the last Sunday of March and concludes on the last Sunday of October
geographic coordinates
43 44 N, 7 25 E
Suffrage
18 years of age; universal
Citizenship
citizenship by birth
no
citizenship by descent only
the father must hold citizenship of Monaco; for a child born out of wedlock, the mother must be a citizen, and the father's identity is not required
dual citizenship recognized
no
residency requirement for naturalization
10 years
Constitution
history
previously 1911 (suspended in 1959); the most recent version adopted on 17 December 1962
amendment process
proposed through a joint agreement by the chief of state (the prince) and the National Council; a two-thirds majority vote from National Council members is necessary for passage
Country name
etymology
established as a Greek colony in the 6th century B.C., the name's origin remains uncertain; it might be derived from the Greek term monoikos (solitary), the Ligurian word monegu (rock), or the Basque word muno (mountain)
local long form
Principauté de Monaco
local short form
Monaco
conventional long form
Principality of Monaco
conventional short form
Monaco
Independence
1419 (beginning of permanent rule by the House of GRIMALDI)
Legal system
civil law system shaped by French legal principles
Government type
constitutional monarchy
Judicial branch
highest court(s)
Supreme Court (consists of 5 permanent members and 2 substitutes)
subordinate courts
Court of Appeal; Civil Court of First Instance
judge selection and term of office
members of the Supreme Court are appointed by the monarch based on recommendations from the National Council, State Council, Crown Council, Court of Appeal, and Trial Court
Executive branch
cabinet
Council of Government under the authority of the monarch
chief of state
Prince ALBERT II (since 6 April 2005)
head of government
Minister of State Christophe MIRMAND (since 21 July 2025)
election/appointment process
the monarchy operates on a hereditary basis; the minister of state is appointed by the monarch from a list of three candidates of French nationality provided by the French Government
National holiday
National Day (Saint Rainier's Day), celebrated on 19 November (1857)
National color(s)
red, white
Political parties
Monegasque National Union (includes Horizon Monaco, Primo!, Union Monegasque)
Horizon Monaco
Priorite Monaco or Primo!
Union Monegasque
Legislative branch
term in office
5 years
number of seats
24 (all directly elected)
electoral system
proportional representation
legislature name
National Council (Conseil national)
scope of elections
full renewal
legislative structure
unicameral
most recent election date
2/5/2023
expected date of next election
February 2028
percentage of women in chamber
45.8%
parties elected and seats per party
Monegasque National Union - l’Union (24)
National anthem(s)
title
"A Marcia de Muneghu" (The March of Monaco)
history
music adopted in 1867, with lyrics adopted in 1931; only the Monegasque lyrics hold official status; the French version is referred to as "Hymne Monegasque" (Monegasque Anthem); the lyrics are generally sung only during official events
lyrics/music
Louis NOTARI/Charles ALBRECHT
National symbol(s)
red and white lozenges (diamond shapes)
Administrative divisions
does not have first-order administrative divisions as defined by the US government, but it is divided into four quarters (quartiers, singular - quartier); Fontvieille, La Condamine, Monaco-Ville, Monte-Carlo
Diplomatic representation in the US
FAX
[1] (202) 244-7656
chancery
888 17th Street NW, Suite 500, Washington, DC 20006
telephone
[1] (202) 234-1530
chief of mission
Ambassador Maguy MACCARIO DOYLE (since 3 December 2013)
consulate(s) general
New York
email address and website
[email protected]
https://monacodc.org/index.html
Diplomatic representation from the US
embassy
the US lacks an embassy in Monaco; the US Ambassador to France is also accredited to Monaco; the US Consul General in Marseille (France), under the authority of the US Ambassador to France, addresses diplomatic and consular matters related to Monaco; +(33)(1) 43-12-22-22, enter zero "0" after the automated greeting; US Embassy Paris, 2 Avenue Gabriel, 75008 Paris, France
International organization participation
CD, CE, FAO, IAEA, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IFRCS, IHO, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IPU, ITSO, ITU, OAS (observer), OIF, OPCW, OSCE, Schengen Convention (de facto member), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNWTO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
International law organization participation
has not made a declaration of jurisdiction to the ICJ; a non-party state to the ICCt
Economy
Industries
banking, insurance, tourism, construction, small-scale manufacturing, and consumer goods
Exchange rates
Currency
euros (EUR) per US dollar -
Exchange rates 2020
0.876 (2020 est.)
Exchange rates 2021
0.845 (2021 est.)
Exchange rates 2022
0.95 (2022 est.)
Exchange rates 2023
0.925 (2023 est.)
Exchange rates 2024
0.924 (2024 est.)
Economic overview
high-income European economy; non-EU user of the euro; recognized as a tax haven; tourism and banking are the predominant sectors; adversely affected by COVID-19; hosts a significant oceanographic museum; ranks among the highest in real estate costs; features major state-owned enterprises
Exports - partners
Italy, Switzerland, Germany, Belgium, Spain
(2021)Imports - partners
Italy, Switzerland, United Kingdom, Germany, China (2021)
Real GDP per capita
Real GDP per capita 2022
$226,100 (2022 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2023
$256,600 (2023 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2024
$270,100 (2024 est.)
Real GDP growth rate
Real GDP growth rate 2021
22.2% (2021 est.)
Real GDP growth rate 2022
11% (2022 est.)
Real GDP growth rate 2023
5% (2023 est.)
Agricultural products
none
Exports - commodities
jewelry, perfumes, watches, packaged pharmaceuticals, automobiles (2021)
Imports - commodities
jewelry, automobiles and auto parts, recreational vessels, plastic items, artworks (2021)
GDP (official exchange rate)
$10.434 billion (2024 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020
0.5% (2020 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021
2.1% (2021 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022
5.9% (2022 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022
$8.329 billion (2022 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023
$8.749 billion (2023 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024
$8.924 billion (2024 est.)
GDP - composition, by sector of origin
industry
11.5% (2023 est.)
services
88.5% (2023 est.)
Energy
Electricity access
electrification - total population
100% (2022 est.)
Communications
Internet users
percent of population
99% (2023 est.)
Broadcast media
TV Monte-Carlo runs a television network; cable television services are accessible; Radio Monte-Carlo boasts extensive radio networks across France and Italy, initiating French-language broadcasts to France in the 1960s and commencing Italian-language broadcasts to Italy in the 1970s; additional radio stations encompass Riviera Radio and Radio Monaco.
Internet country code
.mc
Telephones - fixed lines
total subscriptions
43,000 (2023 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
111 (2023 est.)
Telephones - mobile cellular
total subscriptions
41,500 (2024 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
107 (2024 est.)
Broadband - fixed subscriptions
total
22,000 (2023 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
56 (2023 est.)
Transportation
Ports
large
0
small
0
medium
0
key ports
Monaco
very small
1
total ports
1 (2024)
ports with oil terminals
0
Railways
note: Monaco possesses one railway station yet does not run its own train services; the French company SNCF manages the rail operations within Monaco.
Heliports
3 (2025)
Merchant marine
total
1
Civil aircraft registration country code prefix
3A
Military & Security
Military - note
under treaty obligations, France is tasked with ensuring the independence and sovereignty of Monaco
Military and security forces
there are no standing military forces; the Prince’s Company of Carabiniers (Compagnie des Carabiniers du Prince), Police Department (Direction de la Sûreté Publique), Fire and Emergency Service (Corps des Sapeurs-pompiers de Monaco) (2025)
Transnational Issues
Refugees and internally displaced persons
refugees
17 (2024 est.)
