CapitalHelsinki
Population5,550,449
Area338,145 km²
GDP per capita$55,600
LanguagesFinnish, Swedish, Russian, other
Currencyeuros
Life Expectancy82.2 yr
Governmenta parliamentary republic
Introduction
Background
Finland was a province and then a grand duchy under Sweden from the 12th to the 19th centuries and an autonomous grand duchy of Russia after 1809. It gained complete independence in 1917. During World War II, Finland successfully defended its independence through cooperation with Germany and resisted subsequent invasions by the Soviet Union, albeit with some loss of territory. During the next half-century, Finland transformed from a farm/forest economy to a diversified modern industrial economy; per-capita income is among the highest in Western Europe. A member of the EU since 1995, Finland was the only Nordic state to join the euro single currency at its initiation in January 1999. In the 21st century, the key features of Finland's modern welfare state are high-quality education, promotion of equality, and a national social welfare system, although the system is currently facing the challenges of an aging population and the fluctuations of an export-driven economy. Following Russia's invasion of Ukraine in 2022, Finland opted to join NATO; it became the organization's 31st member in April 2023.
Geography
Area
land
303,815 sq km
water
34,330 sq km
total
338,145 sq km
Climate
cold temperate climate; may reach subarctic conditions but is relatively mild due to the moderating effects of the North Atlantic Current, Baltic Sea, and over 60,000 lakes
Terrain
predominantly low, flat to gently rolling plains, punctuated by lakes and low hills
Land use
other
18.4% (2023 est.)
forest
74.2% (2023 est.)
agricultural land
7.4% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: arable land
arable land: 7.4% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops
permanent crops: 0% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture
permanent pasture: 0% (2023 est.)
Location
Located in Northern Europe, adjoining the Baltic Sea, Gulf of Bothnia, and Gulf of Finland, situated between Sweden and Russia
Coastline
1,250 km
Elevation
lowest point
Baltic Sea 0 m
highest point
Halti (also known as Haltia, Haltitunturi, Haltiatunturi) 1,328 meters
mean elevation
164 m
Irrigated land
80 sq km (2016)
Map references
Europe
Land boundaries
total
2,563 km
border countries
Norway 709 km; Sweden 545 km; Russia 1,309 km
Maritime claims
contiguous zone
24 nm
territorial sea
12 nm (in the Gulf of Finland - 3 nm)
continental shelf
200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation
exclusive fishing zone
12 nm; extends to continental shelf boundary with Sweden, Estonia, and Russia
Natural hazards
harsh winters in the northern regions
Geography - note
extensive border with Russia; Helsinki is the northernmost capital city on the European mainland; the population is primarily located in the small southwestern coastal plain
Natural resources
timber, iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, chromite, nickel, gold, silver, limestone
Area - comparative
slightly more than twice the area of Georgia; somewhat smaller than Montana
Geographic coordinates
64 00 N, 26 00 E
Population distribution
the vast majority of the population resides in the southern part; northern interior regions remain largely uninhabited
Major lakes (area sq km)
fresh water lake(s)
Saimaa - 1,760 square kilometers; Paijanne - 1,090 square kilometers; Inarijarvi - 1,000 square kilometers; Oulujarvi - 900 square kilometers; Pielinen - 850 square kilometers
People & Society
Languages
Languages
Finnish (official) 85.9%, Swedish (official) 5.2%, Russian 1.7%, other 7.2% (estimated 2022)
major-language sample(s)
World Factbook, korvaamaton perustietolähde. (Finnish)
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
Religions
Lutheran 66.6%, Greek Orthodox 1.1%, other 1.7%, none 30.6% (estimated 2022)
Sex ratio
at birth
1.05 male(s)/female
0-14 years
1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years
1.03 male(s)/female
total population
0.97 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
65 years and over
0.79 male(s)/female
Birth rate
7.75 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Death rate
11.01 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Median age
male
41.8 years
total
44 years (2025 est.)
female
44.9 years
Population
male
2,750,057
total
5,550,449 (2025 est.)
female
2,800,392
Nationality
noun
Finn(s)
adjective
Finnish
Tobacco use
male
21.7% (2025 est.)
total
18% (2025 est.)
female
14.3% (2025 est.)
Urbanization
urban population
85.8% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization
0.42% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Age structure
0-14 years
16.2% (male 464,939/female 444,585)
15-64 years
60.3% (male 1,725,072/female 1,668,604)
65 years and over
23.5% (2024 est.) (male 583,645/female 739,569)
Ethnic groups
Finnish, Swedish, Russian, Estonian, Romani, Sami
Child marriage
women married by age 18
0.1% (2017)
Dependency ratios
total dependency ratio
62.3 (2025 est.)
youth dependency ratio
23.3 (2025 est.)
potential support ratio
2.6 (2025 est.)
elderly dependency ratio
39 (2025 est.)
Physician density
3.61 physicians/1,000 population (2021)
Health expenditure
Health expenditure (as % of GDP)
10.2% of GDP (2021)
Health expenditure (as % of national budget)
14.8% of national budget (2022 est.)
Net migration rate
3.44 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Hospital bed density
2.8 beds/1,000 population (2020 est.)
Total fertility rate
1.28 children born/woman (2025 est.)
Drinking water source
improved: rural
rural: 100% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total
total: 100% of population (2022 est.)
improved: urban
urban: 100% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural
rural: 0% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total
total: 0% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban
urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)
Education expenditure
Education expenditure (% GDP)
6.4% of GDP (2022 est.)
Education expenditure (% national budget)
12.1% national budget (2022 est.)
Infant mortality rate
male
2.3 deaths/1,000 live births
total
1.9 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)
female
1.9 deaths/1,000 live births
Population growth rate
0.02% (2025 est.)
Gross reproduction rate
0.63 (2025 est.)
Population distribution
Most of the population is concentrated in the southern regions; the northern interior areas are largely uninhabited.
Life expectancy at birth
male
79.3 years
female
85.2 years
total population
82.2 years (2024 est.)
Maternal mortality ratio
8 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)
Sanitation facility access
improved: rural
rural: 100% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total
total: 100% of population (2022 est.)
improved: urban
urban: 100% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural
rural: 0% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total
total: 0% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban
urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)
Alcohol consumption per capita
beer
3.76 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
wine
1.59 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
total
8.23 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
spirits
1.96 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
other alcohols
0.91 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Major urban areas - population
1.338 million HELSINKI (capital) (2023)
Obesity - adult prevalence rate
22.2% (2016)
Mother's mean age at first birth
29.5 years (2020 est.)
Currently married women (ages 15-49)
57.1% (2023 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)
male
18 years (2023 est.)
total
20 years (2023 est.)
female
21 years (2023 est.)
Environment
Climate
characterized as cold temperate; may approach subarctic conditions yet is relatively mild due to the moderating effects of the North Atlantic Current, the Baltic Sea, and an abundance of over 60,000 lakes
Geoparks
global geoparks and regional networks
Impact Crater Lake - Lappajarvi; Rokua; Lauhanvuori-Haemeenkangas; Saimaa; Salpausselka (2024)
total global geoparks and regional networks
4 (2024)
Land use
other
18.4% (2023 est.)
forest
74.2% (2023 est.)
agricultural land
7.4% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: arable land
arable land: 7.4% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops
permanent crops: 0% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture
permanent pasture: 0% (2023 est.)
Urbanization
urban population
85.8% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization
0.42% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Waste and recycling
municipal solid waste generated annually
3.124 million tons (2024 est.)
percent of municipal solid waste recycled
35.4% (2022 est.)
Environmental issues
minimal air pollution in metropolitan areas; some water contamination resulting from industrial effluents and agricultural chemicals; habitat destruction poses a risk to wildlife populations
Total water withdrawal
municipal
500 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
industrial
1.299 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
agricultural
1 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions
total emissions
33.594 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from consumed natural gas
2.989 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from coal and metallurgical coke
7.536 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from petroleum and other liquids
23.069 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Particulate matter emissions
6 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Total renewable water resources
110 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
International environmental agreements
party to
Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified
none of the selected agreements
Government
Flag
description: a white field featuring a blue cross that extends to the flag's edges; the cross is positioned towards the left, reminiscent of the Dannebrog (Danish flag)
meaning: blue symbolizes the numerous lakes of the nation, while white represents snow
Capital
name
Helsinki
etymology
the contemporary name is derived from Finnish; the city was established by King Gustav VASA of Sweden in 1550 as Helsingfors; the name originates from Helsing, the Old Norwegian term for a local community, combined with fors, meaning "waterfall," which refers to a waterfall at the city's initial site on the Vantaa River
time difference
UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
daylight saving time
+1 hour, commencing on the last Sunday of March; concluding on the last Sunday of October
geographic coordinates
60 10 N, 24 56 E
Suffrage
18 years of age; universal
Citizenship
citizenship by birth
no
citizenship by descent only
at least one parent must be a citizen of Finland
dual citizenship recognized
yes
residency requirement for naturalization
6 years
Constitution
history
previous versions from 1906, 1919; the most recent draft was on 17 June 1997, which received approval from Parliament on 11 June 1999, and came into effect on 1 March 2000
amendment process
initiated by Parliament; to pass, it typically requires a simple majority in two readings during the initial parliamentary session and a two-thirds majority in a single reading by the newly elected Parliament; proposals labeled "urgent" by five-sixths of Parliament can be approved with a two-thirds majority in just the first parliamentary session
Country name
etymology
the name comes from the Finns, an ethnic group located in northeastern Europe; their term is derived from the Germanic word finna, which means "fish scale;" the native name, Suomi, may originate from two local terms: suo, meaning "marsh," and maa, meaning "land"
local long form
Suomen tasavalta (Finnish)/ Republiken Finland (Swedish)
local short form
Suomi (Finnish)/ Finland (Swedish)
conventional long form
Republic of Finland
conventional short form
Finland
Independence
6 December 1917 (from Russia)
Legal system
a civil law system modeled after the Swedish framework
Government type
a parliamentary republic
Judicial branch
highest court(s)
the Supreme Court, known as Korkein Oikeus (comprising the court president and 18 judges); the Supreme Administrative Court (made up of 21 judges, including the court president, and organized into 3 chambers)
subordinate courts
comprises 6 Courts of Appeal; 8 regional administrative courts; 27 district courts; and specialized courts for matters concerning markets, labor, insurance, impeachment, land, tenancy, and water rights
judge selection and term of office
judges of the Supreme Court and Supreme Administrative Court are appointed by the president of the republic; they serve until they reach the mandatory retirement age of 68
Executive branch
cabinet
the Council of State, or Valtioneuvosto, appointed by the president, is accountable to Parliament
chief of state
President Alexander STUBB (since 1 March 2024)
election results
2024: Alexander STUBB was elected in the second round; vote percentages in the first round - Alexander STUBB (KoK) 27.2%, Pekka HAAVISTO (Vihr) 25.8%, Jussi HALLA-AHO (PS) 19.0%, Olli REHN (Kesk) 15.3%; vote percentages in the second round - STUBB 51.6%, HAAVISTO 48.4%
2018: Sauli NIINISTO was reelected president; vote percentages - Sauli NIINISTO (independent) 62.7%, Pekka HAAVISTO (Vihr) 12.4%, Laura HUHTASAARI (PS) 6.9%, Paavo VAYRYNEN (independent) 6.2%, Matti VANHANEN (Kesk) 4.1%, others 7.7%
head of government
Prime Minister Petteri ORPO (since 20 June 2023)
most recent election date
28 January 2024, with a runoff on 11 February 2024
election/appointment process
the president is elected directly by an absolute-majority popular vote in two rounds, if necessary, for a term of 6 years (with eligibility for a second term); the prime minister is appointed by Parliament
expected date of next election
by 28 January 2030
National holiday
Independence Day, 6 December (1917)
National color(s)
blue, white
National heritage
total World Heritage Sites
7 (6 cultural, 1 natural)
selected World Heritage Site locales
Fortress of Suomenlinna (c); Old Rauma (c); Petäjävesi Old Church (c); Verla Groundwood and Board Mill (c); Bronze Age Burial Site of Sammallahdenmäki (c); High Coast / Kvarken Archipelago (n); Struve Geodetic Arc (c)
Political parties
Aland Coalition (a coalition of several political parties on the Aland Islands)
Center Party or Kesk
Christian Democrats or KD
Finns Party or PS
Green League or Vihr
Left Alliance or Vas
Movement Now or Liike Nyt
National Coalition Party or Kok
Social Democratic Party or SDP
Swedish People's Party or RKP or SFP
Legislative branch
term in office
4 years
number of seats
200 (all directly elected)
electoral system
proportional representation
legislature name
Parliament (Eduskunta - Riksdagen)
scope of elections
full renewal
legislative structure
unicameral
most recent election date
4/2/2023
expected date of next election
April 2027
percentage of women in chamber
45.5%
parties elected and seats per party
National Coalition Party (KOK) (48); The Finns Party (PS) (46); Social Democratic Party (SDP) (43); Center Party (KESK) (23); The Greens (13); Left Alliance (Vas) (11); Other (16)
National anthem(s)
title
"Maamme" (Our Land)
history
in use since 1848; while never officially adopted, the anthem has gained popularity since a student group first performed it in 1848
lyrics/music
Paavo Eemil KAJANDER, Johan Ludvig RUNEBERG/Fredrik PACIUS
National symbol(s)
lion
Administrative divisions
19 regions (maakunnat, singular - maakunta (Finnish); landskapen, singular - landskapet (Swedish)); Aland (Swedish), Ahvenanmaa (Finnish); Etela-Karjala (Finnish), Sodra Karelen (Swedish) [South Karelia]; Etela-Pohjanmaa (Finnish), Sodra Osterbotten (Swedish) [South Ostrobothnia]; Etela-Savo (Finnish), Sodra Savolax (Swedish) [South Savo]; Kanta-Hame (Finnish), Egentliga Tavastland (Swedish); Kainuu (Finnish), Kajanaland (Swedish); Keski-Pohjanmaa (Finnish), Mellersta Osterbotten (Swedish) [Central Ostrobothnia]; Keski-Suomi (Finnish), Mellersta Finland (Swedish) [Central Finland]; Kymenlaakso (Finnish), Kymmenedalen (Swedish); Lappi (Finnish), Lappland (Swedish); Paijat-Hame (Finnish), Paijanne-Tavastland (Swedish); Pirkanmaa (Finnish), Birkaland (Swedish) [Tampere]; Pohjanmaa (Finnish), Osterbotten (Swedish) [Ostrobothnia]; Pohjois-Karjala (Finnish), Norra Karelen (Swedish) [North Karelia]; Pohjois-Pohjanmaa (Finnish), Norra Osterbotten (Swedish) [North Ostrobothnia]; Pohjois-Savo (Finnish), Norra Savolax (Swedish) [North Savo]; Satakunta (Finnish and Swedish); Uusimaa (Finnish), Nyland (Swedish) [Newland]; Varsinais-Suomi (Finnish), Egentliga Finland (Swedish) [Southwest Finland]
Diplomatic representation in the US
FAX
[1] (202) 298-6030
chancery
3301 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone
[1] (202) 298-5800
chief of mission
Ambassador Leena-Kaisa MIKKOLA (since 18 September 2024)
consulate(s) general
Los Angeles, New York
email address and website
[email protected]
https://finlandabroad.fi/web/usa/mission
Diplomatic representation from the US
FAX
[358] (9) 174-681
embassy
Itainen Puistotie 14 B, 00140 Helsinki
telephone
[358] (9) 616-250
mailing address
5310 Helsinki Place, Washington DC 20521-5310
chief of mission
Ambassador Howard W. BRODIE (since 13 November 2025)
email address and website
[email protected]
https://fi.usembassy.gov/
International organization participation
ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), Arctic Council, Australia Group, BIS, CBSS, CD, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EITI (implementing country), EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, G-9, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club, PCA, PFP, Schengen Convention, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNHRC, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMIL, UNMOGIP, UNOOSA, UNRWA, UNSOM, UNTSO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
International law organization participation
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Economy
Budget
revenues
$126.337 billion (2023 est.)
expenditures
$131.978 billion (2023 est.)
Exports
Exports 2022
$129.389 billion (2022 est.)
Exports 2023
$127.098 billion (2023 est.)
Exports 2024
$124.531 billion (2024 est.)
Imports
Imports 2022
$135.119 billion (2022 est.)
Imports 2023
$126.175 billion (2023 est.)
Imports 2024
$122.644 billion (2024 est.)
Industries
metals and metal products, electronics, machinery and scientific instruments, shipbuilding, pulp and paper, food items, chemicals, textiles, apparel
Labor force
2.898 million (2024 est.)
Public debt
Public debt 2017
61.3% of GDP (2017 est.)
Remittances
Remittances 2022
0.2% of GDP (2022 est.)
Remittances 2023
0.3% of GDP (2023 est.)
Remittances 2024
0.2% of GDP (2024 est.)
Exchange rates
Currency
euros (EUR) per US dollar -
Exchange rates 2020
0.876 (2020 est.)
Exchange rates 2021
0.845 (2021 est.)
Exchange rates 2022
0.95 (2022 est.)
Exchange rates 2023
0.925 (2023 est.)
Exchange rates 2024
0.924 (2024 est.)
Economic overview
high-income, export-oriented economy within the EU and eurozone; significant industries include timber, metals, engineering, telecommunications, and electronics; currently recovering from a recession caused by inflation, diminished consumer and export demand, and reduced private investment; a labor market reform initiative is underway to tackle structural rigidities
Unemployment rate
Unemployment rate 2022
6.8% (2022 est.)
Unemployment rate 2023
7.2% (2023 est.)
Unemployment rate 2024
8.3% (2024 est.)
Exports - partners
USA 11%, Germany 11%, Sweden 10%, Netherlands 7%, China 5% (2023)
Imports - partners
Germany 14%, Sweden 12%, China 9%, Norway 8%, Netherlands 5% (2023)
Real GDP per capita
Real GDP per capita 2022
$57,100 (2022 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2023
$56,200 (2023 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2024
$55,600 (2024 est.)
Real GDP growth rate
Real GDP growth rate 2022
0.8% (2022 est.)
Real GDP growth rate 2023
-0.9% (2023 est.)
Real GDP growth rate 2024
-0.2% (2024 est.)
Agricultural products
milk, barley, oats, wheat, potatoes, sugar beets, pork, chicken, peas, rye (2023)
Exports - commodities
paper, refined petroleum, steel, wood pulp, ships (2023)
Imports - commodities
crude petroleum, cars, refined petroleum, packaged medicine, broadcasting equipment (2023)
Current account balance
Current account balance 2022
-$7.026 billion (2022 est.)
Current account balance 2023
-$1.58 billion (2023 est.)
Current account balance 2024
$930.393 million (2024 est.)
Taxes and other revenues
25.4% (of GDP) (2023 est.)
GDP (official exchange rate)
$299.836 billion (2024 est.)
GDP - composition, by end use
household consumption
53.4% (2023 est.)
government consumption
25.6% (2023 est.)
investment in inventories
-0.4% (2023 est.)
investment in fixed capital
23.4% (2023 est.)
exports of goods and services
43.1% (2023 est.)
imports of goods and services
-42.8% (2023 est.)
Population below poverty line
12.2% (2022 est.)
Average household expenditures
on food
12.3% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
on alcohol and tobacco
4.4% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022
7.1% (2022 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023
6.3% (2023 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2024
1.6% (2024 est.)
Industrial production growth rate
-2.2% (2024 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022
$317.078 billion (2022 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023
$314.075 billion (2023 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024
$313.591 billion (2024 est.)
Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)
male
20% (2024 est.)
total
19.2% (2024 est.)
female
18.3% (2024 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022
$16.036 billion (2022 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023
$16.929 billion (2023 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024
$17.993 billion (2024 est.)
GDP - composition, by sector of origin
industry
22.1% (2024 est.)
services
62.9% (2024 est.)
agriculture
2.5% (2024 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share
lowest 10%
3.8% (2022 est.)
highest 10%
23.1% (2022 est.)
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2022
27.9 (2022 est.)
Energy
Coal
exports
113,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
imports
2.624 million metric tons (2023 est.)
production
811,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
consumption
3.933 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Petroleum
total petroleum production
8,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
refined petroleum consumption
172,000 bbl/day (2024 est.)
Electricity
exports
7.883 billion kWh (2023 est.)
imports
9.644 billion kWh (2023 est.)
consumption
77.419 billion kWh (2023 est.)
installed generating capacity
26.782 million kW (2023 est.)
transmission/distribution losses
2.721 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Natural gas
exports
479.457 million cubic meters (2023 est.)
imports
2.112 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
consumption
1.55 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Nuclear energy
Number of operational nuclear reactors
5 (2025)
Percent of total electricity production
42% (2025 est.)
Net capacity of operational nuclear reactors
4.37GW (2025 est.)
Electricity access
electrification - total population
100% (2022 est.)
Energy consumption per capita
Total energy consumption per capita 2023
183.54 million Btu/person (2023 est.)
Electricity generation sources
wind
18.7% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
solar
0.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
nuclear
41.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
fossil fuels
5.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
hydroelectricity
19.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
biomass and waste
13.7% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Communications
Internet users
percent of population
94% (2023 est.)
Broadcast media
There are 3 government-operated television channels alongside a variety of privately owned TV networks; multiple free-to-air and specialty pay-TV channels are accessible; cable and satellite multi-channel subscription options are offered; all television broadcasts are in digital format; 13 national and 25 regional public radio stations exist; a significant number of private radio stations are in operation
Internet country code
.fi
Telephones - fixed lines
total subscriptions
158,000 (2024 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
3 (2024 est.)
Telephones - mobile cellular
total subscriptions
7.07 million (2024 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
126 (2024 est.)
Broadband - fixed subscriptions
total
1.98 million (2023 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
35 (2023 est.)
Transportation
Ports
large
5
small
11
medium
7
key ports
Helsinki, Kaskinen, Kokkola, Kotka, Kristinestad, Mantyluoto, Oulu, Pietarsaari, Pori, Rauma, Turku, Vaasa
very small
14
total ports
37 (2024)
ports with oil terminals
21
Airports
98 (2025)
Railways
total
5,918 km (2020) 3,349 km electrified
Heliports
17 (2025)
Merchant marine
total
282 (2023)
by type
9 bulk carriers, 75 general cargo vessels, 4 oil tankers, and 194 others
Civil aircraft registration country code prefix
OH
Military & Security
Military - note
The Finnish Defense Forces (FDF) concentrate primarily on defense of the territory, which relies on a sizable, well-trained reserve force established through general conscription. Additional responsibilities of the FDF encompass support for international peacekeeping missions and certain domestic security roles, such as aiding the National Police in maintaining public order during emergencies.
The FDF is also committed to fulfilling its NATO obligations. In the wake of Russia's large-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022, Finland sought NATO membership, which it achieved in April 2023. Finland had participated in NATO's Partnership for Peace program since 1994 and had taken part in NATO-led military operations in the Balkans, Afghanistan, and Iraq. In 2024, it became a member of NATO's Air Policing mission in Eastern Europe.
Finland is a signatory to the EU's Common Security and Defense Policy and actively engages in EU crisis management missions and operations. The FDF also collaborates closely with the armed forces of other Nordic nations through the Nordic Defense Cooperation framework (NORDEFCO; founded in 2009), which includes Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden, focusing on areas such as armament, education, human resources, training and exercises, and operational cooperation. Sweden, the UK, and the US are key bilateral defense allies. In 2022, Finland entered into a mutual security agreement with the UK and has been part of the UK-led Joint Expeditionary Force since 2014, a collective of high-readiness military units from ten Baltic and Scandinavian countries aimed at responding to a variety of potential scenarios in the North Atlantic, Baltic Sea, and High North regions (2025).
Military deployments
165 Lebanon (UNIFIL); Finland is also engaged in multiple ongoing EU and NATO missions (2025).
Military expenditures
Military Expenditures 2021
1.4% of GDP (2021 est.)
Military Expenditures 2022
1.7% of GDP (2022 est.)
Military Expenditures 2023
2.1% of GDP (2023 est.)
Military Expenditures 2024
2.4% of GDP (2024 est.)
Military Expenditures 2025
2.8% of GDP (2025 est.)
Military and security forces
Finnish Defense Forces (FDF; Puolustusvoimat): Army (Maavoimat), Navy (Merivoimat), Air Force (Ilmavoimat) (2025).
Military service age and obligation
All Finnish males are required to undertake 5.5 to 12 months of service within a military branch or the Border Guard upon reaching 18 years of age (service duration varies based on duty type). Women aged 18-29 may opt to volunteer for service. Additionally, there is an alternative to engage in non-military service lasting either 8.5 or 11.5 months. After fulfilling their initial conscription requirements, individuals transition to the reserves and remain eligible for mobilization until the age of 50 for enlisted personnel and 60 for non-commissioned and commissioned officers (2025).
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions
The military's inventory features a combination of modern European, Israeli, South Korean, US, and domestically manufactured weapon systems. The Finnish defense industry produces a range of military equipment, including wheeled armored vehicles and naval craft. Finland also engages in collaborative armament production with other European nations and the US (2025).
Military and security service personnel strengths
Approximately 31,000 active-duty military personnel (2025).
Terrorism
Terrorist group(s)
Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS)
Transnational Issues
Refugees and internally displaced persons
refugees
97,568 (2024 est.)
stateless persons
1,326 (2024 est.)
