CapitalJakarta
Population283,587,097
Area1,904,569 km²
GDP per capita$14,500
LanguagesBahasa Indonesia , English, Dutch, and various local dialects, with Javanese being the most prevalent
CurrencyIndonesian rupiah
Life Expectancy73.6 yr
Governmentpresidential republic.
Introduction
Background
The archipelago was once largely under the control of Buddhist and Hindu rulers. By around the 7th century, a Buddhist kingdom arose on Sumatra and expanded into Java and the Malay Peninsula until it was conquered in the late 13th century by the Hindu Majapahit Empire from Java. Majapahit (1290-1527) united most of modern-day Indonesia and Malaysia. Traders introduced Islam around the 11th century, and the religion gradually expanded over the next 500 years. The Portuguese conquered parts of Indonesia in the 16th century, but the Dutch ousted them (except in East Timor) and began colonizing the islands in the early 17th century. It would be the early 20th century before Dutch colonial rule was established across the entirety of what would become the boundaries of the modern Indonesian state.
Japan occupied the islands from 1942 to 1945. Indonesia declared its independence shortly before Japan's surrender, but it required four years of sometimes brutal fighting, intermittent negotiations, and UN mediation before the Netherlands agreed to transfer sovereignty in 1949. A period of sometimes unruly parliamentary democracy ended in 1957 when President SOEKARNO declared martial law and instituted "Guided Democracy." After an abortive coup in 1965 by alleged communist sympathizers, SOEKARNO was gradually eased from power. From 1967 until 1998, President SUHARTO ruled Indonesia with his "New Order" government. After street protests toppled SUHARTO in 1998, free and fair legislative elections took place in 1999 while the country's first direct presidential election occurred in 2004. Indonesia has since become a robust democracy, holding four direct presidential elections, each considered by international observers to have been largely free and fair.
Indonesia is now the world's third-most-populous democracy and the world's largest Muslim-majority nation. It has had strong economic growth since overcoming the Asian financial crisis of the late 1990s. By the 2020s, it had the largest economy in Southeast Asia, and its economy ranked in the world's top 10 in terms of purchasing power parity. It has also made considerable gains in reducing poverty. Although relations amongst its diverse population--there are more than 300 ethnic groups--have been harmonious in the 2000s, there have been areas of sectarian discontent and violence, as well as instances of religious extremism and terrorism. A political settlement to an armed separatist conflict in Aceh was achieved in 2005, but a separatist group in Papua continued to conduct a low-intensity conflict as of 2024.
Geography
Area
land
1,811,569 sq km
water
93,000 sq km
total
1,904,569 sq km
Climate
tropical; characterized by hot and humid conditions; more temperate in highland areas
Terrain
predominantly coastal lowlands; larger islands feature interior mountain ranges
Land use
other
20.3% (2023 est.)
forest
50.6% (2023 est.)
agricultural land
29.1% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: arable land
arable land: 9.4% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops
permanent crops: 13.9% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture
permanent pasture: 5.8% (2023 est.)
Location
Southeast Asia, an archipelago situated between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean
Coastline
54,716 km
Elevation
lowest point
Indian/Pacific Oceans 0 m
highest point
Puncak Jaya 4,884 m
mean elevation
367 m
Irrigated land
67,220 sq km (2012)
Map references
Southeast Asia
Land boundaries
total
2,958 km
border countries
Malaysia 1,881 km; Papua New Guinea 824 km; Timor-Leste 253 km
Maritime claims
territorial sea
12 nm
exclusive economic zone
200 nm
Natural hazards
occasional flooding; significant droughts; tsunamis; seismic activity; volcanic eruptions; forest fires
volcanism: Indonesia is home to the highest number of volcanoes of any nation globally, with over 75 known to be historically active; notable volcanic activity is present on Java, Sumatra, the Sunda Islands, Halmahera Island, Sulawesi Island, Sangihe Island, and in the Banda Sea; Merapi (2,968 m), the most active volcano in Indonesia, has been classified as a Decade Volcano by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior due to its explosive past and proximity to populated areas; in 2018, a significant eruption and flank collapse resulted in the destruction of much of Anak Krakatau (Child of Krakatau) and triggered a catastrophic tsunami that claimed over 400 lives; other historically significant volcanoes include Agung, Awu, Karangetang, Krakatau (Krakatoa), Makian, Raung, Sinabung, and Tambora; see note 2 under "Geography - note"
Geography - note
note 1: The archipelago comprises 13,466 islands, with 922 of them being permanently inhabited; Indonesia is recognized as the largest island nation in the world; it spans the equator and holds a crucial position along key maritime routes between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean.
note 2: Indonesia is positioned among the countries along the Ring of Fire, a seismic belt that encircles the Pacific Ocean and is home to approximately 75% of the world’s volcanoes, up to 90% of global earthquakes, and 80% of tsunamis.
note 3: Despite being the fourth most populous nation worldwide, Indonesia ranks as the second most forested region on the planet, following the Amazon.
Natural resources
petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver
Area - comparative
slightly less than three times the area of Texas
Geographic coordinates
5 00 S, 120 00 E
Population distribution
the predominant population density is found on the island of Java, recognized as one of the most densely populated regions in the world; among the outer islands, Sumatra holds significant population clusters, especially in the southern areas near Selat Sunda and along the northeastern coast near Medan; the cities of Makasar (Sulawesi) and Banjarmasin (Kalimantan) also have substantial populations
Major lakes (area sq km)
fresh water lake(s)
Danau Toba - 1,150 sq km
note - situated within the caldera of a supervolcano that erupted over 70,000 years ago; it is the largest volcanic lake in the world
Major rivers (by length in km)
Sepik (shared with Papua New Guinea [s]) - 1,126 km; Fly (shared with Papua New Guinea [s]) - 1,050 km
note: [s] following the country name indicates river source; [m] following the country name indicates river mouth
People & Society
Literacy
male
97.4% (2020 est.)
female
94.6% (2020 est.)
total population
96% (2020 est.)
Languages
Languages
Bahasa Indonesia (official, a variant of Malay), English, Dutch, and various local dialects, with Javanese being the most prevalent; it is noteworthy that over 700 languages are spoken throughout Indonesia.
major-language sample(s)
Fakta Dunia, sumber informasi dasar yang sangat diperlukan. (Indonesian)
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
Religions
Muslim 87.4%, Protestant 7.5%, Roman Catholic 3.1%, Hindu 1.7%, other 0.8% (comprising Buddhist and Confucian) (2022 estimate).
Sex ratio
at birth
1.05 male(s)/female
0-14 years
1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years
1 male(s)/female
total population
1 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
65 years and over
0.85 male(s)/female
Birth rate
14.55 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Death rate
6.82 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Median age
male
30.8 years
total
31.8 years (2025 est.)
female
32.3 years
Population
male
141,778,977
total
283,587,097 (2025 est.)
female
141,808,120
Nationality
noun
Indonesian(s)
adjective
Indonesian
Tobacco use
male
74.9% (2025 est.)
total
39% (2025 est.)
female
3.1% (2025 est.)
Urbanization
urban population
58.6% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization
1.99% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Age structure
0-14 years
23.8% (male 34,247,218/female 32,701,367)
15-64 years
68.3% (male 96,268,201/female 95,961,293)
65 years and over
8% (2024 est.) (male 10,284,628/female 12,099,758)
Ethnic groups
Javanese 40.1%, Sundanese 15.5%, Malay 3.7%, Batak 3.6%, Madurese 3%, Betawi 2.9%, Minangkabau 2.7%, Buginese 2.7%, Bantenese 2%, Banjarese 1.7%, Balinese 1.7%, Acehnese 1.4%, Dayak 1.4%, Sasak 1.3%, Chinese 1.2%, other 15% (2010 est.)
People - note
Indonesia ranks as the fourth most populous country globally, following China, India, and the United States; over half of its population—approximately 150 million individuals or 55%—resides on the island of Java, which is comparable in size to California, thus making it the most densely populated island in the world.
Child marriage
women married by age 15
2% (2017)
women married by age 18
16.3% (2017)
Dependency ratios
total dependency ratio
46.1 (2025 est.)
youth dependency ratio
34.1 (2025 est.)
potential support ratio
8.3 (2025 est.)
elderly dependency ratio
12 (2025 est.)
Physician density
0.52 physicians/1,000 population (2023)
Health expenditure
Health expenditure (as % of GDP)
3.7% of GDP (2021)
Health expenditure (as % of national budget)
8% of national budget (2022 est.)
Net migration rate
-0.7 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Hospital bed density
1.4 beds/1,000 population (2021 est.)
Total fertility rate
1.93 children born/woman (2025 est.)
Drinking water source
improved: rural
rural: 88.3% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total
total: 94.1% of population (2022 est.)
improved: urban
urban: 98.3% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural
rural: 11.7% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total
total: 5.9% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban
urban: 1.7% of population (2022 est.)
Education expenditure
Education expenditure (% GDP)
1.3% of GDP (2023 est.)
Education expenditure (% national budget)
10.6% national budget (2025 est.)
Infant mortality rate
male
21.3 deaths/1,000 live births
total
18.5 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)
female
16.4 deaths/1,000 live births
Population growth rate
0.7% (2025 est.)
Gross reproduction rate
0.94 (2025 est.)
Population distribution
There is a significant population concentration on the island of Java, regarded as one of the most densely inhabited areas on the planet; among the outer islands, Sumatra exhibits notable population clusters, especially in the southern region near the Selat Sunda and along the northeastern coastline near Medan; the cities of Makasar (Sulawesi) and Banjarmasin (Kalimantan) also have high population densities.
Life expectancy at birth
male
71.3 years
female
76 years
total population
73.6 years (2024 est.)
Maternal mortality ratio
140 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)
Sanitation facility access
improved: rural
rural: 91.1% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total
total: 94.7% of population (2022 est.)
improved: urban
urban: 97.4% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural
rural: 8.9% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total
total: 5.3% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban
urban: 2.6% of population (2022 est.)
Alcohol consumption per capita
beer
0.06 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
wine
0.01 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
total
0.08 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
spirits
0.02 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
other alcohols
0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Major urban areas - population
11.249 million JAKARTA (capital), 3.729 million Bekasi, 3.044 million Surabaya, 3.041 million Depok, 2.674 million Bandung, 2.514 million Tangerang (2023)
Obesity - adult prevalence rate
6.9% (2016)
Mother's mean age at first birth
22.4 years (2017 est.)
Currently married women (ages 15-49)
70.3% (2022 est.)
Children under the age of 5 years underweight
15.9% (2023 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)
male
13 years (2023 est.)
total
13 years (2023 est.)
female
13 years (2023 est.)
Environment
Climate
tropical; characterized by hot and humid conditions; more temperate in elevated regions
Geoparks
global geoparks and regional networks
Batur; Belitong; Ciletuh - Palabuhanratu; Gunung Sewu; Ijen; Kebumen; Maros Pangkep; Merangin Jambi; Meratus; Raja Ampat; Rinjani-Lombok; Toba Caldera (2025)
total global geoparks and regional networks
12 (2025)
Land use
other
20.3% (2023 est.)
forest
50.6% (2023 est.)
agricultural land
29.1% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: arable land
arable land: 9.4% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops
permanent crops: 13.9% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture
permanent pasture: 5.8% (2023 est.)
Urbanization
urban population
58.6% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization
1.99% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Methane emissions
other
165.7 kt (2019-2021 est.)
waste
4,200.1 kt (2019-2021 est.)
energy
3,621.7 kt (2022-2024 est.)
agriculture
3,379.3 kt (2019-2021 est.)
Waste and recycling
municipal solid waste generated annually
65.2 million tons (2024 est.)
percent of municipal solid waste recycled
15.2% (2022 est.)
Environmental issues
extensive illegal deforestation and associated wildfires result in significant smog; overuse of marine resources; air contamination from transportation emissions; waste management issues; water contamination from industrial waste and sewage
Total water withdrawal
municipal
23.8 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
industrial
9.135 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
agricultural
189.7 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions
total emissions
829.655 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from consumed natural gas
78.38 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from coal and metallurgical coke
527.923 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from petroleum and other liquids
223.352 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Particulate matter emissions
18.4 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Total renewable water resources
2.019 trillion cubic meters (2022 est.)
International environmental agreements
party to
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified
Marine Life Conservation
Government
Flag
description: consists of two equal horizontal bands, red (top) and white
meaning: red symbolizes courage, while white represents purity
history: these colors originate from the banner of the Majapahit Empire, which existed from the 13th to the 15th centuries.
Capital
name
Jakarta
etymology
the name comes from the Sanskrit term Jayakarta, meaning "victory and prosperity;" Prince FATILLAH conquered and renamed the city, previously known as Sunda Kelapa, in 1527.
time zone note
Indonesia operates under three distinct time zones.
time difference
UTC+7 (12 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time).
geographic coordinates
6 10 S, 106 49 E
Suffrage
the minimum age is 17 years; the system is universal; applies to married individuals irrespective of age.
Citizenship
citizenship by birth
no
citizenship by descent only
at least one parent must be a citizen of Indonesia
dual citizenship recognized
no
residency requirement for naturalization
5 continuous years
Constitution
history
drafted from July to August 1945, taking effect on 18 August 1945, and repealed by the constitutions of 1949 and 1950; the 1945 constitution was reinstated on 5 July 1959.
amendment process
put forward by the People’s Consultative Assembly, requiring the presence of at least two thirds of its members; a simple majority vote by the Assembly members is necessary for passage; constitutional provisions regarding the unitary nature of the state are not subject to amendment.
Country name
former
the Netherlands East Indies (Dutch East Indies), Netherlands New Guinea.
etymology
the term is an 18th-century formation derived from two Greek words, "Indos" (India) and "nesoi" (islands), translating to "Indian islands."
local long form
Republik Indonesia
local short form
Indonesia
conventional long form
Republic of Indonesia
conventional short form
Indonesia
Independence
17 August 1945 (declared independence from the Netherlands)
Legal system
civil law system founded on the Roman-Dutch model, with influences from customary law.
Government type
presidential republic.
Judicial branch
highest court(s)
Supreme Court or Mahkamah Agung (comprising 51 judges across 8 chambers); Constitutional Court or Mahkamah Konstitusi (made up of 9 judges).
subordinate courts
includes High Courts of Appeal, district courts, and religious courts.
judge selection and term of office
judges of the Supreme Court are nominated by the Judicial Commission, appointed by the president with parliamentary agreement; they serve until the age of 65; for the Constitutional Court, 3 judges are nominated by the president, 3 by the Supreme Court, and 3 by parliament; they are appointed by the president and must retire at 70.
Executive branch
cabinet
Cabinet appointed by the president
chief of state
President PRABOWO Subianto Djojohadikusumo (since 20 October 2024)
election results
2024: PRABOWO Subianto is elected president (begins office on 20 October 2024); vote percentages - PRABOWO Subianto (GERINDRA) 58.6%, Anies Rasyid BASWEDAN (Independent) 24.9%, GANJAR Pranowo (PDI-P) 16.5%
2019: Joko WIDODO is reelected as president; vote percentages - Joko WIDODO (PDI-P) 55.5%, PRABOWO Subianto Djojohadikusumo (GERINDRA) 44.5%.
head of government
President PRABOWO Subianto Djojohadikusumo (since 20 October 2024)
most recent election date
14 February 2024
election/appointment process
president and vice president directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term)
expected date of next election
2029
National holiday
Independence Day, 17 August (1945)
National color(s)
red, white
National heritage
total World Heritage Sites
10 (6 cultural, 4 natural)
selected World Heritage Site locales
Borobudur Temple Compounds (c); Komodo National Park (n); Prambanan Temple Compounds (c); Ujung Kulon National Park (n); Sangiran Early Man Site (c); Lorentz National Park (n); Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra (n); Cultural Landscape of Bali Province (c); Ombilin Coal Mining Heritage of Sawahlunto (c); Cosmological Axis of Yogyakarta and its Historic Landmarks (c).
Political parties
Democrat Party or PD
Functional Groups Party or GOLKAR
Great Indonesia Movement Party or GERINDRA
Indonesia Democratic Party-Struggle or PDI-P
National Awakening Party or PKB
National Democratic Party or NasDem
National Mandate Party or PAN
Prosperous Justice Party or PKS
Legislative branch
term in office
5 years
number of seats
580 (all directly elected)
electoral system
proportional representation
legislature name
House of Representatives (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat)
scope of elections
full renewal
legislative structure
unicameral
most recent election date
2/14/2024
expected date of next election
April 2029
percentage of women in chamber
21.9%
parties elected and seats per party
Indonesian Democratic Party - Struggle (PDI-P) (110); Party of Functional Groups (Golkar) (102); Great Indonesia Movement (Gerindra) (86); National Democratic Party (NasDem) (69); National Awakening Party (PKB) (68); Prosperous Justice Party (PKS) (53); National Mandate Party (PAN) (48); Democratic Party (PD) (44).
National anthem(s)
title
"Indonesia Raya" (Great Indonesia)
history
adopted 1945
lyrics/music
Wage Rudolf SOEPRATMAN
National symbol(s)
garuda (mythical bird)
Administrative divisions
35 provinces (provinsi-provinsi, singular - provinsi), 1 autonomous province*, 1 special region** (daerah istimewa), and 1 national capital district*** (daerah khusus ibukota); the provinces include Aceh*, Bali, Banten, Bengkulu, Gorontalo, Jakarta***, Jambi, Jawa Barat (West Java), Jawa Tengah (Central Java), Jawa Timur (East Java), Kalimantan Barat (West Kalimantan), Kalimantan Selatan (South Kalimantan), Kalimantan Tengah (Central Kalimantan), Kalimantan Timur (East Kalimantan), Kalimantan Utara (North Kalimantan), Kepulauan Bangka Belitung (Bangka Belitung Islands), Kepulauan Riau (Riau Islands), Lampung, Maluku, Maluku Utara (North Maluku), Nusa Tenggara Barat (West Nusa Tenggara), Nusa Tenggara Timur (East Nusa Tenggara), Papua, Papua Barat (West Papua), Papua Barat Daya (Southwest Papua), Papua Pegunungan (Papua Highlands), Papua Selatan (South Papua), Papua Tengah (Central Papua), Riau, Sulawesi Barat (West Sulawesi), Sulawesi Selatan (South Sulawesi), Sulawesi Tengah (Central Sulawesi), Sulawesi Tenggara (Southeast Sulawesi), Sulawesi Utara (North Sulawesi), Sumatera Barat (West Sumatra), Sumatera Selatan (South Sumatra), Sumatera Utara (North Sumatra), Yogyakarta**.
Diplomatic representation in the US
FAX
[1] (202) 775-5236
chancery
2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
telephone
[1] (202) 775-5200
chief of mission
Ambassador INDROYONO Soesilo (since 16 December 2025)
consulate(s) general
Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco.
email address and website
[email protected]
Embassy of The Republic of Indonesia, in Washington D.C., The United States of America (kemlu.go.id)
Diplomatic representation from the US
FAX
[62] (21) 385-7189
embassy
Jl. Medan Merdeka Selatan No. 3-5, Jakarta 10110
telephone
[62] (21) 5083-1000
consulate(s)
Medan
mailing address
8200 Jakarta Place, Washington DC 20521-8200
chief of mission
Ambassador (currently vacant); Chargé d’Affaires Peter M. HAYMOND (in office since 15 June 2025).
consulate(s) general
Surabaya
email address and website
[email protected]
https://id.usembassy.gov/
International organization participation
ADB, APEC, ARF, ASEAN, BIS, CD, CICA (observer), CP, D-8, EAS, EITI (compliant country), FAO, G-11, G-15, G-20, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IORA, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, MSG (associate member), NAM, OECD (enhanced engagement), OIC, OPCW, PIF (partner), UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHRC, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNOOSA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
International law organization participation
has not made an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; is a non-party state to the ICCt.
Economy
Budget
revenues
$182.658 billion (2023 est.)
expenditures
$204.739 billion (2023 est.)
Exports
Exports 2022
$315.746 billion (2022 est.)
Exports 2023
$291.287 billion (2023 est.)
Exports 2024
$300.868 billion (2024 est.)
Imports
Imports 2022
$273.031 billion (2022 est.)
Imports 2023
$262.694 billion (2023 est.)
Imports 2024
$279.419 billion (2024 est.)
Industries
petroleum and natural gas, textiles, automotive, electrical appliances, apparel, footwear, mining, cement, medical instruments and appliances, handicrafts, chemical fertilizers, plywood, rubber, processed food, jewelry, and tourism
Labor force
143.144 million (2024 est.)
Public debt
Public debt 2022
45.34% of GDP (2022 est.)
Remittances
Remittances 2022
1% of GDP (2022 est.)
Remittances 2023
1.1% of GDP (2023 est.)
Remittances 2024
1.1% of GDP (2024 est.)
Exchange rates
Currency
Indonesian rupiah (IDR) per US dollar -
Exchange rates 2020
14,582.203 (2020 est.)
Exchange rates 2021
14,308.144 (2021 est.)
Exchange rates 2022
14,849.854 (2022 est.)
Exchange rates 2023
15,236.885 (2023 est.)
Exchange rates 2024
15,855.448 (2024 est.)
Debt - external
Debt - external 2023
$225.273 billion (2023 est.)
Economic overview
upper middle-income nation, the largest and rapidly expanding economy in Southeast Asia; elevated lending rates aimed at controlling inflation; continued capital relocation driving infrastructure initiatives; significant tourism sector influencing green economy objectives
Unemployment rate
Unemployment rate 2022
3.5% (2022 est.)
Unemployment rate 2023
3.4% (2023 est.)
Unemployment rate 2024
3.3% (2024 est.)
Exports - partners
China 24%, USA 9%, India 8%, Japan 8%, Singapore 5% (2023)
Imports - partners
China 29%, Singapore 8%, Japan 7%, USA 5%, Malaysia 5% (2023)
Real GDP per capita
Real GDP per capita 2022
$13,300 (2022 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2023
$13,900 (2023 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2024
$14,500 (2024 est.)
Real GDP growth rate
Real GDP growth rate 2022
5.3% (2022 est.)
Real GDP growth rate 2023
5% (2023 est.)
Real GDP growth rate 2024
5% (2024 est.)
Agricultural products
oil palm fruit, rice, sugarcane, maize, coconuts, cassava, bananas, eggs, chicken, mangoes/guavas (2023)
Exports - commodities
coal, palm oil, iron alloys, lignite, garments (2023)
Imports - commodities
refined petroleum, crude petroleum, plastics, vehicle parts/accessories, integrated circuits (2023)
Current account balance
Current account balance 2022
$13.215 billion (2022 est.)
Current account balance 2023
-$2.042 billion (2023 est.)
Current account balance 2024
-$8.47 billion (2024 est.)
Taxes and other revenues
11.6% (of GDP) (2022 est.)
GDP (official exchange rate)
$1.396 trillion (2024 est.)
GDP - composition, by end use
household consumption
55.4% (2024 est.)
government consumption
7.7% (2024 est.)
investment in inventories
2.3% (2024 est.)
investment in fixed capital
29.1% (2024 est.)
exports of goods and services
22.2% (2024 est.)
imports of goods and services
-20.4% (2024 est.)
Population below poverty line
9% (2024 est.)
Average household expenditures
on food
33.5% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
on alcohol and tobacco
7.3% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021
1.6% (2021 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022
4.2% (2022 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023
3.7% (2023 est.)
Industrial production growth rate
5.2% (2024 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022
$3.718 trillion (2022 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023
$3.906 trillion (2023 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024
$4.102 trillion (2024 est.)
Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)
male
13.2% (2024 est.)
total
13.1% (2024 est.)
female
13% (2024 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022
$137.222 billion (2022 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023
$146.359 billion (2023 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024
$155.708 billion (2024 est.)
GDP - composition, by sector of origin
industry
39.3% (2024 est.)
services
43.8% (2024 est.)
agriculture
12.6% (2024 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share
lowest 10%
3.5% (2024 est.)
highest 10%
28.8% (2024 est.)
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2024
34.9 (2024 est.)
Energy
Coal
exports
519.23 million metric tons (2023 est.)
imports
16.935 million metric tons (2023 est.)
production
783.453 million metric tons (2023 est.)
consumption
281.159 million metric tons (2023 est.)
proven reserves
35.055 billion metric tons (2023 est.)
Petroleum
total petroleum production
865,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
crude oil estimated reserves
2.48 billion barrels (2021 est.)
refined petroleum consumption
1.645 million bbl/day (2023 est.)
Electricity
imports
828.198 million kWh (2023 est.)
consumption
356.135 billion kWh (2023 est.)
installed generating capacity
70.826 million kW (2023 est.)
transmission/distribution losses
27.477 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Natural gas
exports
20.989 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
imports
727.056 million cubic meters (2023 est.)
production
58.691 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
consumption
38.378 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
proven reserves
1.408 trillion cubic meters (2021 est.)
Electricity access
electrification - rural areas
98.2%
electrification - urban areas
100%
electrification - total population
100% (2022 est.)
Energy consumption per capita
Total energy consumption per capita 2023
37.39 million Btu/person (2023 est.)
Electricity generation sources
wind
0.1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
solar
0.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
geothermal
4.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
fossil fuels
82% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
hydroelectricity
6.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
biomass and waste
6.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Communications
Internet users
percent of population
69% (2023 est.)
Broadcast media
a combination of approximately twelve national television networks, comprising one public broadcaster and the remainder being private entities; in excess of 100 local television stations; extensive utilization of satellite and cable television services; the public radio broadcaster manages six national networks alongside various regional and local stations; over 700 radio stations exist, with more than 650 of them being privately managed (2019)
Internet country code
.id
Telephones - fixed lines
total subscriptions
9.16 million (2023 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
3 (2023 est.)
Telephones - mobile cellular
total subscriptions
347 million (2024 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
123 (2024 est.)
Broadband - fixed subscriptions
total
13.5 million (2023 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
5 (2023 est.)
Transportation
Ports
large
3
small
18
medium
6
key ports
Belawan, Cilacap, Dumai, Jakarta, Kasim Terminal, Merak Mas Terminal, Palembang, Surabaya, Ujung Pandang
very small
96
total ports
123 (2024)
ports with oil terminals
79
Airports
556 (2025)
Railways
total
8,159 km (2014)
narrow gauge
8,159 km (2014) 1.067-m gauge (565 km electrified)
Heliports
53 (2025)
Merchant marine
total
11,422 (2023)
by type
bulk carrier 160, container ship 219, general cargo 2,347, oil tanker 714, others 7,982
Civil aircraft registration country code prefix
PK
Military & Security
Military - note
The military is tasked with external defense, combating separatism, and addressing national emergencies and natural disasters; under specific circumstances, it may extend operational assistance to police forces, particularly in counterterrorism efforts, maintaining public order, and managing communal conflicts.
Primary operational focuses encompass an insurgency in Papua and safeguarding Indonesia's extensive maritime territory; since the 1960s, the West Papua Liberation Army, the armed faction of the Free Papua Organization, has been engaged in a low-intensity insurgency following Indonesia's annexation of the former Dutch colony; maritime challenges include piracy, transnational crime, illegal fishing, and incursions by vessels from the People's Republic of China (PRC); while Indonesia is not an official claimant in the South China Sea, certain waters fall within the PRC's “nine-dash line” maritime claims, leading to several confrontations in recent years; over the last decade, the Indonesian military has strengthened its presence in and around the strategically significant Natuna Islands (2025).
Military deployments
250 (along with approximately 170 police) Central African Republic (MINUSCA); 1,025 Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO); 1,225 Lebanon (UNIFIL) (2025).
Military expenditures
Military Expenditures 2020
0.8% of GDP (2020 est.)
Military Expenditures 2021
0.8% of GDP (2021 est.)
Military Expenditures 2022
0.8% of GDP (2022 est.)
Military Expenditures 2023
0.8% of GDP (2023 est.)
Military Expenditures 2024
0.8% of GDP (2024 est.)
Military and security forces
Indonesian National Armed Forces (Tentara Nasional Indonesia, TNI): Army (TNI-Angkatan Darat, TNI-AD), Navy (TNI-Angkatan Laut, TNI-AL; includes Marine Corps (Korps Marinir or KorMar)), Air Force (TNI-Angkatan Udara, TNI-AU)
Indonesian National Police (aka The State Police of the Republic of Indonesia or POLRI)
Ministry of Transportation: Indonesia Sea and Coast Guard (Kesatuan Penjagaan Laut dan Pantai Republik Indonesia, KPLP); Coordinating Ministry for Political, Legal, and Security Affairs: Maritime Security Agency of the Republic of Indonesia (Badan Keamanan Laut Republik Indonesia, Bakamla) (2025)
Military service age and obligation
Individuals of 18 years of age may voluntarily enlist for service, regardless of gender; age limits for military service, position, and specialty differ; compulsory service is authorized but has not been implemented (2025).
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions
The military's arsenal comprises a combination of older and modern weapon systems sourced from China, Russia, Europe, the United States, and other nations; in recent years, significant suppliers have included China, France, Germany, the Netherlands, South Korea, and the United States; the TNI has been pursuing a modernization initiative for over a decade; Indonesia's defense industry is expanding, supported by technology transfers and cooperative agreements with multiple countries, and it has collaboratively produced aircraft and naval vessels (2025).
Military and security service personnel strengths
Approximately 400,000 active members of the Armed Forces, which includes around 300,000 in the Army (2025).
Terrorism
Terrorist group(s)
Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (also known as Jemaah Anshorut Daulah); Jemaah Islamiyah
Transnational Issues
Refugees and internally displaced persons
IDPs
95,521 (2024 est.)
refugees
11,964 (2024 est.)
stateless persons
2,643 (2024 est.)
Space
Space agency/agencies
Indonesian Space Agency (INASA; established in 2022); National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN; founded in 2021); Research Organization for Aeronautics and Space (ORPA; created in 2021) (2025)
Space program overview
primarily concentrates on the development of rockets and the acquisition and operation of satellites; produces remote sensing (RS) satellites; operates a sounding (research) rocket initiative aimed at creating an orbital satellite launch vehicle (SLV); is engaged in research and development of various technologies associated with satellites, communications, RS, and astronomy; maintains collaborations with numerous international space agencies and industries, including those from France, Germany, India, Japan, Russia, South Korea, and the United States; the national space agenda encompasses the enhancement of the country's private space sector (2025)
Key space-program milestones
1964 - launched first sounding rocket (Kartika)
1976 - first communications satellite (Palapa A1) built and launched by US
2005 - re-started sounding rocket program with goal of producing a satellite launch vehicle (SLV)
2007 - first remote sensing (RS) satellite (LAPAN-A1) built by Germany and launched by India
2015 - first domestically produced RS satellite (LAPAN-A2) launched by India
2023-2024 - two communications satellites (SATRIA-1 and Merah Putih 2) to provide high-speed internet access across the Indonesian archipelago built by European company and launched by US
