CapitalTbilisi
Population4,900,961
Area69,700 km²
GDP per capita$25,000
LanguagesGeorgian, Azeri, Armenian, Russian, other
Currencylaris
Life Expectancy72.8 yr
Governmentsemi-presidential republic
Introduction
Background
The region of present-day Georgia once contained the ancient kingdoms of Colchis (known as Egrisi locally) and Kartli-Iberia. The area came under Roman influence in the first centuries A.D., and Christianity became the state religion in the 330s. Persian, Arab, and Turk domination was followed by a Georgian golden age (11th-13th centuries) that was cut short when the Mongols invaded in 1236. Subsequently, the Ottoman and Persian empires competed for influence in the region. Georgia was absorbed into the Russian Empire in the 19th century. Independent for three years (1918-1921) following the Russian revolution, it was forcibly incorporated into the USSR in 1921 and regained its independence when the Soviet Union dissolved in 1991.
In 2003, mounting public discontent over rampant corruption, ineffective government services, and a government attempt to manipulate parliamentary elections touched off widespread protests that led to the resignation of Eduard SHEVARDNADZE, who had been president since 1995. In the aftermath of this "Rose Revolution," new elections in 2004 swept Mikheil SAAKASHVILI and his United National Movement (UNM) party into power. SAAKASHVILI made progress on market reforms and governance, but he faced accusations of abuse of office. Progress was further complicated when Russian support for the separatist regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia led to a five-day conflict between Russia and Georgia in August 2008, which included Russia invading large portions of Georgian territory. Russia initially pledged to pull back from most Georgian territory but then unilaterally recognized the independence of Abkhazia and South Ossetia, and Russian military forces have remained in those regions.
Billionaire Bidzina IVANISHVILI's unexpected entry into politics in 2011 brought the divided opposition together under his Georgian Dream coalition, which won a majority of seats in the 2012 parliamentary elections and removed UNM from power. Conceding defeat, SAAKASHVILI named IVANISHVILI as prime minister and left the country after his presidential term ended in 2013. IVANISHVILI voluntarily resigned from office after the presidential succession, and in the years since, the prime minister position has seen frequent turnover. In 2021, SAAKASHVILI returned to Georgia, where he was immediately arrested to serve six years in prison on outstanding abuse-of-office convictions.
Popular support for integration with the West is high in Georgia. Joining the EU and NATO are among the country's top foreign policy goals, and Georgia applied for EU membership in 2022, becoming a candidate country in December 2023. Georgia and the EU have a Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement, and since 2017, Georgian citizens have been able to travel to the Schengen area without a visa.
Geography
Area
land
69,700 sq km
water
0 sq km
total
69,700 sq km
Climate
mild and agreeable; exhibiting a Mediterranean-like climate along the Black Sea coastline.
Terrain
predominantly rugged with the Great Caucasus Mountains situated to the north and the Lesser Caucasus Mountains to the south; the Kolkhet'is Dablobi (Kolkhida Lowland) extends to the Black Sea in the west; the Mtkvari River Basin is located in the east; fertile land is found in the flood plains of river valleys and the foothills of the Kolkhida Lowland.
Land use
other
21.2% (2023 est.)
forest
44.6% (2023 est.)
agricultural land
34.1% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: arable land
arable land: 4.4% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops
permanent crops: 1.8% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture
permanent pasture: 27.9% (2023 est.)
Location
Located in Southwestern Asia, bordering the Black Sea, positioned between Turkey and Russia, with a narrow strip of land north of the Caucasus reaching into Europe; it is important to note that Georgia considers itself a part of Europe; from a geopolitical perspective, it can be classified as belonging to Europe, the Middle East, or both.
Coastline
310 km
Elevation
lowest point
Black Sea 0 m
highest point
Mt'a Shkhara 5,193 m
mean elevation
1,432 m
Irrigated land
4,330 sq km (2012)
Map references
Asia
Land boundaries
total
1,814 km
border countries
Armenia 219 km; Azerbaijan 428 km; Russia 894 km; Turkey 273 km.
Maritime claims
territorial sea
12 nm
exclusive economic zone
200 nm
Natural hazards
seismic activity.
Geography - note
note 1: strategically positioned to the east of the Black Sea, Georgia governs a significant portion of the Caucasus Mountains and the routes traversing them.
note 2: Georgia is home to the four deepest caves in the world, including two that are the only known caves on the planet that exceed 2,000 m in depth: Krubera Cave at -2,197 m (-7,208 ft; reached in 2012) and Veryovkina Cave at -2,212 m (-7,257 ft; reached in 2018).
Natural resources
timber, hydropower, manganese, iron ore, copper, and minor deposits of coal and oil; the coastal climate and soil conditions facilitate significant production of tea and citrus fruits.
Area - comparative
somewhat smaller than South Carolina; slightly larger than West Virginia.
Geographic coordinates
42 00 N, 43 30 E
Population distribution
population is concentrated in the central valley, notably in the capital city of Tbilisi in the east; smaller urban centers are scattered along the Black Sea coastline, with Bat'umi being the most prominent.
People & Society
Literacy
male
99.8% (2024 est.)
female
99.6% (2024 est.)
total population
99.7% (2024 est.)
Languages
Languages
Georgian (official) 87.6%, Azeri 6.2%, Armenian 3.9%, Russian 1.2%, other 1% (which includes Abkhaz, the official language in Abkhazia) (2014 estimate)
major-language sample(s)
მსოფლიო ფაქტების წიგნი, ძირითადი ინფორმაციის აუცილებელი წყარო. (Georgian)
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
Religions
Eastern Orthodox Christian (official) 83.4%, Muslim 10.7%, Armenian Apostolic Christian 2.9%, other 1.2% (includes Roman Catholic Christian, Jehovah's Witness, Yazidi, Protestant Christian, Jewish), none 0.5%, unspecified/no answer 1.2% (2014 est.)
Sex ratio
at birth
1.07 male(s)/female
0-14 years
1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years
0.95 male(s)/female
total population
0.92 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
65 years and over
0.65 male(s)/female
Birth rate
11.74 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Death rate
12.89 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Median age
male
35.9 years
total
38.6 years (2025 est.)
female
40.6 years
Population
male
2,343,068
total
4,900,961 (2024 est.)
female
2,557,893
Nationality
noun
Georgian(s)
adjective
Georgian
Tobacco use
male
53.9% (2025 est.)
total
28.7% (2025 est.)
female
7.5% (2025 est.)
Urbanization
urban population
60.7% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization
0.35% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Age structure
0-14 years
20.6% (male 520,091/female 489,882)
15-64 years
62.7% (male 1,500,036/female 1,572,637)
65 years and over
16.7% (2024 est.) (male 322,941/female 495,374)
Ethnic groups
Georgian 86.8%, Azeri 6.3%, Armenian 4.5%, other 2.3% (comprising Russian, Ossetian, Yazidi, Ukrainian, Kist, Greek) (2014 estimate)
Child marriage
men married by age 18
0.5% (2018)
women married by age 15
0.3% (2018)
women married by age 18
13.9% (2018)
Dependency ratios
total dependency ratio
59.5 (2024 est.)
youth dependency ratio
32.9 (2024 est.)
potential support ratio
3.8 (2024 est.)
elderly dependency ratio
26.6 (2024 est.)
Physician density
5.64 physicians/1,000 population (2023)
Health expenditure
Health expenditure (as % of GDP)
7.4% of GDP (2022)
Health expenditure (as % of national budget)
10.5% of national budget (2022 est.)
Net migration rate
-3.33 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Hospital bed density
4.9 beds/1,000 population (2020 est.)
Total fertility rate
1.94 children born/woman (2025 est.)
Drinking water source
improved: rural
rural: 88.5% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total
total: 95% of population (2022 est.)
improved: urban
urban: 99.2% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural
rural: 11.5% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total
total: 5% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban
urban: 0.8% of population (2022 est.)
Education expenditure
Education expenditure (% GDP)
4% of GDP (2024 est.)
Education expenditure (% national budget)
12.2% national budget (2024 est.)
Infant mortality rate
male
23.6 deaths/1,000 live births
total
20.9 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)
female
19.7 deaths/1,000 live births
Population growth rate
-0.45% (2025 est.)
Gross reproduction rate
0.94 (2025 est.)
Population distribution
population is primarily located in the central valley, especially within the capital city of Tbilisi in the east; smaller urban centers are found along the Black Sea coast, with Bat'umi being the most significant
Life expectancy at birth
male
68.7 years
female
77.2 years
total population
72.8 years (2024 est.)
Maternal mortality ratio
20 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)
Sanitation facility access
improved: rural
rural: 72.5% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total
total: 87.1% of population (2022 est.)
improved: urban
urban: 96.6% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural
rural: 27.5% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total
total: 12.9% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban
urban: 3.4% of population (2022 est.)
Alcohol consumption per capita
beer
1.71 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
wine
3.19 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
total
7.45 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
spirits
2.52 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
other alcohols
0.02 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Major urban areas - population
1.082 million TBILISI (capital) (2023)
Obesity - adult prevalence rate
21.7% (2016)
Mother's mean age at first birth
25.9 years (2019 est.)
Currently married women (ages 15-49)
65.3% (2018 est.)
Children under the age of 5 years underweight
2.1% (2018 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)
male
16 years (2023 est.)
total
16 years (2023 est.)
female
17 years (2023 est.)
Environment
Climate
mild and agreeable; reminiscent of the Mediterranean along the Black Sea shoreline
Land use
other
21.2% (2023 est.)
forest
44.6% (2023 est.)
agricultural land
34.1% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: arable land
arable land: 4.4% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops
permanent crops: 1.8% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture
permanent pasture: 27.9% (2023 est.)
Urbanization
urban population
60.7% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization
0.35% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Waste and recycling
municipal solid waste generated annually
800,000 tons (2024 est.)
percent of municipal solid waste recycled
19.6% (2022 est.)
Environmental issues
air quality issues, especially in Rust'avi; severe contamination of the Mtkvari River and the Black Sea; insufficient access to drinking water; soil contamination due to hazardous substances; deterioration of land and forests; decline in biodiversity; challenges in waste disposal management
Total water withdrawal
municipal
504.96 million cubic meters (2022)
industrial
354.46 million cubic meters (2022)
agricultural
433.96 million cubic meters (2022)
Carbon dioxide emissions
total emissions
10.7 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from consumed natural gas
5.419 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from coal and metallurgical coke
812,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from petroleum and other liquids
4.469 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Particulate matter emissions
18.6 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Total renewable water resources
63.33 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
International environmental agreements
party to
Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified
none of the selected agreements
Government
Flag
description: a white rectangle featuring a prominent red cross that extends to the edges of the flag; within each of the four sections, there is a smaller red bolnur-katskhuri cross (also referred to as the Bolnisi cross), characterized by arms of equal length that are slightly broader at the tips than at the center
history: often known as the Five-Cross Flag, this design is inspired by a banner from the 14th century associated with the Kingdom of Georgia
Capital
name
Tbilisi
etymology
the term is derived from the Georgian word tbili, which translates to "warm" and pertains to the area's hot sulfur springs
time difference
UTC+4 (9 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
geographic coordinates
41 41 N, 44 50 E
Suffrage
18 years of age; universal
Citizenship
citizenship by birth
no
citizenship by descent only
at least one parent must be a citizen of Georgia
dual citizenship recognized
no
residency requirement for naturalization
10 years
Constitution
history
previously in use: 1921, 1978 (based on the 1977 Soviet Union constitution); latest version ratified on 24 August 1995, effective from 17 October 1995
amendment process
introduced as a draft law endorsed by more than half of the Parliament or via a petition by at least 200,000 voters; to pass, it requires the approval of at least three-fourths of Parliament over two consecutive sessions spaced three months apart, and must be signed and promulgated by the president of Georgia
Country name
former
Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic
etymology
the Western designation is likely derived from the local populace known as the Gurz, although the origin of their name remains unclear; the indigenous term "Sak'art'velo" translates to "Land of the Kartvelians" and refers to the central Georgian area of Kartli
local long form
Republic of Georgia
local short form
Sak'art'velo
conventional long form
none
conventional short form
Georgia
Independence
9 April 1991 (gained independence from the Soviet Union); significant earlier date: A.D. 1008 (when Georgia was unified under King BAGRAT III)
Legal system
civil law system
Government type
semi-presidential republic
Judicial branch
highest court(s)
Supreme Court (comprises 28 judges organized into various specialized judicial chambers; the number of judges is established by the president of Georgia); Constitutional Court (composed of 9 judges)
subordinate courts
Courts of Appeal; regional (town) and district courts
judge selection and term of office
Supreme Court judges are nominated by the High Council of Justice (a 14-member body including the Supreme Court chairperson, common court judges, and presidential appointees) and confirmed by Parliament; judges serve for life; Constitutional Court judges are appointed in equal numbers (3 each) by the president, Parliament, and the Supreme Court judges; their terms last for 10 years
Executive branch
cabinet
Cabinet of Ministers
chief of state
President Mikheil KAVELASHVILI (since 29 December 2024)
election results
2024: Mikheil KAVELASHVILI (from the Georgian Dream Party) was officially inaugurated on 29 December 2024
2024: Irakli KOBAKHIDZE received approval as prime minister following a Parliamentary vote of 84-10
2018: Salome ZOURABICHVILI was elected president in the second round; vote percentages in the second round were Salome ZOURABICHVILI (independent, supported by Georgian Dream) 59.5%, Grigol VASHADZE (UNM) 40.5%; Irakli GARIBASHVILI was approved as prime minister via a Parliamentary vote of 89-2
head of government
Prime Minister Irakli KOBAKHIDZE (since 8 February 2024)
most recent election date
14 December 2024
election/appointment process
the president is elected by a 300-member Electoral College; the prime minister is nominated by Parliament and appointed by the president
expected date of next election
2029
National holiday
Independence Day, 26 May (1918)
National color(s)
red, white
National heritage
total World Heritage Sites
4 (3 cultural, 1 natural)
selected World Heritage Site locales
Gelati Monastery (c); Historical Monuments of Mtskheta (c); Upper Svaneti (c); Colchic Rainforests and Wetlands (n)
Political parties
Ahali
Citizens
Conservative Party
Droa
European Georgia - Movement for Liberty
For Georgia
For the People
Freedom Square
Georgian Dream
Girchi - More Freedom
Law and Justice
Lelo for Georgia
National Democratic Party
People's Power
Progress and Freedom
Republican Party
State for the People
Strategy Aghmashenebeli
United National Movement or UNM
Legislative branch
term in office
4 years
number of seats
150 (all directly elected)
electoral system
proportional representation
legislature name
Parliament (Sakartvelos Parlamenti)
scope of elections
full renewal
legislative structure
unicameral
most recent election date
10/26/2024
expected date of next election
October 2028
percentage of women in chamber
16.8%
parties elected and seats per party
Georgian Dream (89); Coalition for Changes (19); Unity - National Movement (16); Strong Georgia – Lelo, For people, For Liberty! (14); For Georgia (12)
National anthem(s)
title
"Tavisupleba" (Liberty)
history
adopted in 2004, following the Rose Revolution; based on compositions from the operas "Abesalom da Eteri" and "Daisi"
lyrics/music
Davit MAGRADSE/Zakaria PALIASHVILI (adapted by Joseb KETSCHAKMADSE)
National symbol(s)
Saint George, lion
Administrative divisions
comprises 9 regions (mkharebi, singular - mkhare), 1 city (kalaki), and 2 autonomous republics (avtomnoy respubliki, singular - avtom respublika)
regions: Guria, Imereti, Kakheti, Kvemo Kartli, Mtskheta Mtianeti, Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti, Samegrelo and Zemo Svaneti, Samtskhe-Javakheti, Shida Kartli; note - the breakaway area of South Ossetia comprises the northern section of Shida Kartli, eastern fragments of the Imereti region and Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti, as well as parts of western Mtskheta-Mtianeti
city: Tbilisi
autonomous republics: Abkhazia or Ap'khazet'is Avtonomiuri Respublika (Sokhumi), Ajaria or Acharis Avtonomiuri Respublika (Bat'umi)
Diplomatic representation in the US
FAX
[1] (202) 387-0864
chancery
1824 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20009
telephone
[1] (202) 387-2390
chief of mission
Ambassador Tamar TALIASHVILI (since 24 July 2025)
consulate(s) general
New York, San Francisco
email address and website
[email protected]
https://georgiaembassyusa.org/contact/
Diplomatic representation from the US
FAX
[995] (32) 253-23-10
embassy
29 Georgian-American Friendship Avenue, Didi Dighomi, Tbilisi, 0131
telephone
[995] (32) 227-70-00
mailing address
7060 Tbilisi Place, Washington, DC 20521-7060
chief of mission
Ambassador (position currently vacant); Chargé d’Affaires Alan S. PURCELL (in office since 16 July 2025)
email address and website
[email protected]
https://ge.usembassy.gov/
International organization participation
ADB, BSEC, CD, CE, CPLP (associate), EAPC, EBRD, FAO, G-11, GCTU, GUAM, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, OAS (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PFP, SELEC (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
International law organization participation
acknowledges the compulsory jurisdiction of the ICJ; accepts the jurisdiction of the ICCt
Economy
Budget
revenues
$8.686 billion (2023 est.)
expenditures
$9.307 billion (2023 est.)
Exports
Exports 2022
$13.24 billion (2022 est.)
Exports 2023
$15.173 billion (2023 est.)
Exports 2024
$16.321 billion (2024 est.)
Imports
Imports 2022
$15.665 billion (2022 est.)
Imports 2023
$17.816 billion (2023 est.)
Imports 2024
$18.915 billion (2024 est.)
Industries
steel, machine tools, electrical appliances, mining (manganese, copper, gold), chemicals, wood products, wine
Labor force
1.833 million (2024 est.)
Public debt
Public debt 2023
43.4% of GDP (2023 est.)
Remittances
Remittances 2022
15.4% of GDP (2022 est.)
Remittances 2023
13.7% of GDP (2023 est.)
Remittances 2024
11.8% of GDP (2024 est.)
Exchange rates
Currency
laris (GEL) per US dollar -
Exchange rates 2020
3.109 (2020 est.)
Exchange rates 2021
3.222 (2021 est.)
Exchange rates 2022
2.916 (2022 est.)
Exchange rates 2023
2.628 (2023 est.)
Exchange rates 2024
2.721 (2024 est.)
Debt - external
Debt - external 2023
$9.085 billion (2023 est.)
Economic overview
upper-middle-income economy in the rapidly growing South Caucasus; a regionally oriented exporter of vehicles, metal ores, and energy; influx of financial resources and migrants due to the Ukraine conflict; EU membership negotiations halted due to controversial elections and foreign influence regulations; low inflation rates accompanied by persistently high unemployment levels
Unemployment rate
Unemployment rate 2022
11.7% (2022 est.)
Unemployment rate 2023
11.6% (2023 est.)
Unemployment rate 2024
11.5% (2024 est.)
Exports - partners
Azerbaijan 13%, Turkey 11%, Armenia 11%, Russia 10%, Kyrgyzstan 8% (2023)
Imports - partners
Turkey 16%, USA 13%, Russia 11%, China 8%, Germany 6% (2023)
Real GDP per capita
Real GDP per capita 2022
$21,000 (2022 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2023
$22,600 (2023 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2024
$25,000 (2024 est.)
Real GDP growth rate
Real GDP growth rate 2022
11% (2022 est.)
Real GDP growth rate 2023
7.8% (2023 est.)
Real GDP growth rate 2024
9.4% (2024 est.)
Agricultural products
milk, grapes, potatoes, maize, wheat, tangerines/mandarins, tomatoes, barley, apples, eggs (2023)
Exports - commodities
cars, copper ore, electricity, garments, wine (2023)
Imports - commodities
cars, refined petroleum, packaged medicine, natural gas, garments (2023)
Current account balance
Current account balance 2022
-$1.105 billion (2022 est.)
Current account balance 2023
-$1.709 billion (2023 est.)
Current account balance 2024
-$1.491 billion (2024 est.)
Taxes and other revenues
23.6% (of GDP) (2023 est.)
GDP (official exchange rate)
$33.776 billion (2024 est.)
GDP - composition, by end use
household consumption
71.3% (2024 est.)
government consumption
13.4% (2024 est.)
investment in inventories
0.8% (2024 est.)
investment in fixed capital
22% (2024 est.)
exports of goods and services
48.4% (2024 est.)
imports of goods and services
-56% (2024 est.)
Population below poverty line
11.8% (2023 est.)
Average household expenditures
on food
39% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
on alcohol and tobacco
3.8% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022
11.9% (2022 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023
2.5% (2023 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2024
1.1% (2024 est.)
Industrial production growth rate
5.4% (2024 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022
$77.838 billion (2022 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023
$83.935 billion (2023 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024
$91.849 billion (2024 est.)
Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)
male
28.4% (2024 est.)
total
29.9% (2024 est.)
female
32.4% (2024 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022
$4.886 billion (2022 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023
$5.002 billion (2023 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024
$4.447 billion (2024 est.)
GDP - composition, by sector of origin
industry
19.1% (2024 est.)
services
62.8% (2024 est.)
agriculture
5.4% (2024 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share
lowest 10%
2.7% (2023 est.)
highest 10%
26.9% (2023 est.)
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2023
34.8 (2023 est.)
Energy
Coal
exports
80 metric tons (2023 est.)
imports
223,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
production
148,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
consumption
384,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
proven reserves
900.999 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Petroleum
total petroleum production
300 bbl/day (2023 est.)
crude oil estimated reserves
35 million barrels (2021 est.)
refined petroleum consumption
34,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
Electricity
exports
4.913 billion kWh (2023 est.)
imports
4.234 billion kWh (2023 est.)
consumption
12.569 billion kWh (2023 est.)
installed generating capacity
4.526 million kW (2023 est.)
transmission/distribution losses
1.148 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Natural gas
imports
2.764 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
production
10.77 million cubic meters (2023 est.)
consumption
2.775 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
proven reserves
8.495 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)
Electricity access
electrification - total population
100% (2022 est.)
Energy consumption per capita
Total energy consumption per capita 2023
56.076 million Btu/person (2023 est.)
Electricity generation sources
wind
0.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
fossil fuels
23.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
hydroelectricity
75.5% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Communications
Internet users
percent of population
82% (2023 est.)
Broadcast media
The state-operated Georgian Public Broadcaster (GPB) encompasses Channel 1, Channel 2, and Adjara TV, while independent commercial television networks consist of Imedi, Rustavi 2, Pirveli TV, Maestro, Kavkasia, Georgian Dream Studios (GDS), Obiektivi, Mtavari Arkhi, and TOK TV (broadcasting in Russian); Tabula and Post TV function as online television platforms; the Georgian Orthodox Church manages a satellite television service named Unanimity; there are 26 regional television broadcasters; the transition to digital television occurred in 2015; numerous private radio stations exist; as of 2019, GPB operates two radio stations.
Internet country code
.ge
Telephones - fixed lines
total subscriptions
278,000 (2023 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
7 (2023 est.)
Telephones - mobile cellular
total subscriptions
5.91 million (2023 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
156 (2022 est.)
Broadband - fixed subscriptions
total
1.1 million (2023 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
29 (2023 est.)
Transportation
Ports
large
0
small
1
medium
0
key ports
Batumi, Sokhumi, Supsa Marine Terminal
very small
2
total ports
3 (2024)
ports with oil terminals
2
Airports
21 (2025)
Railways
total
1,363 km (2014)
broad gauge
1,326 km (2014) 1.520-m gauge (1,251 km electrified)
narrow gauge
37 km (2014) 0.912-m gauge (37 km electrified)
Heliports
4 (2025)
Merchant marine
total
26 (2023)
by type
general cargo 3, other 23
Civil aircraft registration country code prefix
4L
Military & Security
Military - note
The Defense Forces of Georgia (DFG) hold the responsibility of safeguarding the nation's independence, sovereignty, and territorial integrity. Additionally, the DFG contributes personnel for international military missions and assists the Border Police in safeguarding borders and civil authorities in counter-terrorism efforts upon request. Its primary focus is on Russia, which has military installations and troops stationed in the occupied regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia. A five-day confrontation with Russian forces in 2008 led to the defeat and withdrawal of Georgian troops from these breakaway areas.
Although Georgia is not a NATO member, it has maintained a relationship with the Alliance since 1992 and announced its intention to join in 2002. The military is working toward enhancing its compatibility with NATO and has engaged in multinational exercises and security operations abroad alongside NATO, including in Afghanistan, where it ranked as one of the leading non-NATO contributors, and in Kosovo. Furthermore, the DFG has deployed forces to EU and UN missions (2025).
Military expenditures
Military Expenditures 2020
1.6% of GDP (2020 est.)
Military Expenditures 2021
1.5% of GDP (2021 est.)
Military Expenditures 2022
1.6% of GDP (2022 est.)
Military Expenditures 2023
1.7% of GDP (2023 est.)
Military Expenditures 2024
1.7% of GDP (2024 est.)
Military and security forces
Georgian Defense Forces (GDF; also known as Defense Forces of Georgia, DFG): Ground Forces, Air Force, Special Operations Forces, National Guard.
Ministry of Internal Affairs: Police, Border Police of Georgia, Coast Guard of Georgia (which includes naval forces, consolidated with the Coast Guard in 2009) (2025).
Military service age and obligation
For both men and women, the age range for voluntary military service is 18 to 35 years. Conscription was eliminated in 2016 but was reinstated in 2017 for men aged 18 to 27. The length of conscript service can be up to 11 months, depending on the assigned ministry, job specialization, and whether the service occurs in a combat unit (2025).
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions
The majority of the military's arsenal comprises Soviet-era weapons and equipment, some of which have undergone upgrades. Additionally, it possesses smaller quantities of predominantly secondhand materials sourced from countries such as Israel, Poland, Türkiye, and the United States, along with some domestically manufactured equipment. Georgia has a modest defense industry that produces items such as small arms and light armored vehicles (2025).
Military and security service personnel strengths
The Georgia Defense Forces are authorized to maintain an active personnel strength of up to 37,000 (2025).
Transnational Issues
Refugees and internally displaced persons
IDPs
347,754 (2024 est.)
refugees
31,791 (2024 est.)
stateless persons
488 (2024 est.)
